From 05e99c7a3f800f60a712bcb9b68bb85395791515 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "J. A. Bezemer" Date: Sun, 20 Sep 2009 21:10:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] start merging common and docs #76 --- README | 130 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- doc/proto_00000501.txt | 39 +++++++++++++ src/common.c | 15 +++++ src/common.h | 3 + 4 files changed, 185 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/README b/README index 2763731..5377af3 100644 --- a/README +++ b/README @@ -94,6 +94,41 @@ should always work. For more bandwidth, try Base64 or Raw (TXT only) via the -O option. If Base64/Raw doesn't work, you'll see many failures in the fragment size autoprobe. +Normal operation now is for the server to _not_ answer a DNS request until +the next DNS request has come in, a.k.a. being "lazy". This way, the server +will always have a DNS request handy when new downstream data has to be sent. +This greatly improves (interactive) performance and latency, and allows to +slow down the quiescent ping requests to 4 second intervals by default. +In fact, the main purpose of the pings now is to force a reply to the previous +ping, and prevent DNS server timeouts (usually 5-10 seconds per RFC1035). +In the unlikely case that you do experience DNS server timeouts (SERVFAIL), +decrease the -I option to 1. If you are running on a local network without +any DNS server in-between, try -I 50 (iodine and iodined time out after 60 +seconds). The only time you'll notice a slowdown, is when DNS reply packets +go missing; the iodined server then has to wait for a new ping to re-send the +data. You can speed this up by generating some upstream traffic (keypress, +ping). If this happens often, check your network for bottlenecks and/or run +with -I1 . + +Some DNS servers appear to be quite impatient and start retrying DNS requests +(with _different_ DNS ids!) when an answer does not appear within a few +milliseconds. Usually they scale back retries when iodined's lazy mode +repeatedly takes several seconds to answer; and they scale up retries again +when iodined answers fast during heavy data transfer. Some commercial DNS +servers advertise this as "carrier-grade adaptive retransmission techniques". +The effect will only be visible in the network traffic at the iodined server, +and will not affect the client's connection. Iodined has rather elaborate +logic to deal with (i.e., ignore) these unwanted duplicates. + +Other DNS servers, notably the opendns.com network, seem to regard iodined's +lazyness as incompetency, and will start shuffling requests around, possibly +in an attempt to reduce iodined's workload. The resulting out-of-sequence DNS +traffic works quite badly for lazy mode. The iodine client will detect this, +and switch back to legacy mode ("immediate ping-pong") automatically. In these +cases, start the iodine client with -L0 to prevent it from operating in lazy +mode altogether. Note that this will negatively affect interactive performance +and latency, especially in the downstream direction. + If you have problems, try inspecting the traffic with network monitoring tools and make sure that the relaying DNS server has not cached the response. A cached error message could mean that you started the client before the server. @@ -109,12 +144,103 @@ iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p udp --dport 53 -j DNAT --to :5353 (Sent in by Tom Schouten) Iodined will reject data from clients that have not been active (data/pings) -for more than 60 seconds. In case of a long network outage or similar, just -stop iodine and restart (re-login), possibly multiple times until you get +for more than 60 seconds. Similarly, iodine will exit when no downstream +data has been received for 60 seconds. In case of a long network outage or +similar, just restart iodine (re-login), possibly multiple times until you get your old IP address back. Once that's done, just wait a while, and you'll eventually see the tunneled TCP traffic continue to flow from where it left off before the outage. +With the introduction of the downstream packet queue in the server, its memory +usage has increased with several megabytes in the default configuration. +For use in low-memory environments (e.g. running on your DSL router), you can +decrease USERS and undefine OUTPACKETQ_LEN in user.h without any ill conse- +quence, assuming at most one client will be connected at any time. A small +DNSCACHE_LEN is still advised, preferably 2 or higher, however you can also +undefine it to save a few more kilobytes. + + +PERFORMANCE: + +This section tabulates some performance measurements. To view properly, use +a fixed-width font like Courier. + +Measurements were done in protocol 00000500 with lazy mode unless indicated +otherwise. Upstream encoding always Base64. +Upstream/downstream throughput was measured by scp'ing a file previously +read from /dev/urandom (i.e. incompressible), and measuring size with +"ls -l ; sleep 30 ; ls -l" on a separate non-tunneled connection. Given the +large scp block size of 16 kB, this gives a resolution of 4.3 kbit/s, which +explains why many values are exactly equal. +Ping round-trip times measured with "ping -c100", presented are average rtt +and mean deviation (indicating spread around the average), in milliseconds. + + +Situation 1: +Laptop -> Wifi AP -> Home server -> DSL provider -> Datacenter + iodine DNS "relay" bind9 DNS cache iodined + + downstr. upstream downstr. ping-up ping-down + fragsize kbit/s kbit/s avg +/-mdev avg +/-mdev +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +iodine -> Wifi AP :53 + -Tnull (= -Oraw) 982 39.3 148.5 26.7 3.1 26.6 3.0 + +iodine -> Home server :53 + -Tnull (= -Oraw) 1174 43.6 174.7 25.2 4.0 25.5 3.4 + +iodine -> DSL provider :53 + -Tnull (= -Oraw) 1174 52.4 200.9 20.3 3.2 20.3 2.7 + -Ttxt -Obase32 730 52.4 192.2* + -Ttxt -Obase64 874 52.4 192.2 + -Ttxt -Oraw 1162 52.4 192.2 + -Tcname -Obase32 148 52.4 48.0 + -Tcname -Obase64 181 52.4 61.1 + +iodine -> DSL provider :53 + wired (no Wifi) -Tnull 1174 65.5 244.6 17.7 1.9 17.8 1.6 + + [192.2* : nice, because still 2frag/packet] + + +Situation 2: +Laptop -> (wire) -> (Home server) -> (DSL) -> opendns.com -> Datacenter + iodine DNS cache iodined + + downstr. upstream downstr. ping-up ping-down + fragsize kbit/s kbit/s avg +/-mdev avg +/-mdev +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +iodine -> opendns.com :53 + -Tnull -L1 (lazy mode) 230 - - 404.4 196.2 663.8 679.6 + (20% lost) (2% lost) + + -Tnull -L0 (legacy mode) 230 5.6 7.4 197.3 4.7 610.8 323.5 + + [Note: Throughput measured over 300 seconds to get better resolution] + + +Situation 3: +Laptop -> Wifi+vpn / wired -> Home server + iodine iodined + + downstr. upstream downstr. ping-up ping-down + fragsize kbit/s kbit/s avg +/-mdev avg +/-mdev +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +wifi + openvpn -Tnull 1186 183.5 611.6 5.7 1.4 7.0 2.7 + +wired -Tnull 1186 685.9 2350.5 1.3 0.1 1.4 0.4 + + +Performance is strongly coupled to low ping times, as iodine requires +confirmation for every data fragment before moving on to the next. Allowing +multiple fragments in-flight like TCP could possibly increase performance, +but it would likely cause serious overload for the intermediary DNS servers. +The current protocol scales performance with DNS responsivity, since the +DNS servers are on average handling at most one DNS request per client. + PORTABILITY: diff --git a/doc/proto_00000501.txt b/doc/proto_00000501.txt index 486083a..9bc37ca 100644 --- a/doc/proto_00000501.txt +++ b/doc/proto_00000501.txt @@ -83,6 +83,12 @@ Server sends: Server may disregard this option; client must always use the downstream encoding type indicated in every downstream DNS packet. + l or L: Lazy mode, server will keep one request unanswered until the + next one comes in. Applies only to data transfer; handshake is always + answered immediately. + i or I: Immediate (non-lazy) mode, server will answer all requests + (nearly) immediately. + Probe downstream fragment size: Client sends: First byte r or R @@ -160,6 +166,39 @@ The server response to Ping and Data packets is a DNS NULL type response: If server has nothing to send, data length is 0 bytes. If server has something to send, it will send a downstream data packet, prefixed with 2 bytes header as shown above. + + +"Lazy-mode" operation +===================== + +Client-server DNS traffic sequence has been reordered to provide increased +(interactive) performance and greatly reduced latency. + +Idea taken from Lucas Nussbaum's slides (24th IFIP International Security +Conference, 2009) at http://www.loria.fr/~lnussbau/tuns.html. Current +implementation is original to iodine, no code or documentation from any other +project was consulted during development. + +Server: +Upstream data is acked immediately*, to keep the slow upstream data flowing +as fast as possible (client waits for ack to send next frag). + +Upstream pings are answered _only_ when 1) downstream data arrives from tun, +OR 2) new upstream ping/data arrives from client. +In most cases, this means we answer the previous DNS query instead of the +current one. The current query is kept in queue and used as soon as +downstream data has to be sent. + +*: upstream data ack is usually done as reply on the previous ping packet, +and the upstream-data packet itself is kept in queue. + +Client: +Downstream data is acked immediately, to keep it flowing fast (includes a +ping after last downstream frag). + +Also, after all available upstream data is sent & acked by the server (which +in some cases uses up the last query), send an additional ping to prime the +server for the next downstream data. ====================================================== diff --git a/src/common.c b/src/common.c index b1f197b..dd2bf2d 100644 --- a/src/common.c +++ b/src/common.c @@ -333,3 +333,18 @@ errx(int eval, const char *fmt, ...) } #endif + +int recent_seqno(int ourseqno, int gotseqno) +/* Return 1 if we've seen gotseqno recently (current or up to 3 back). + Return 0 if gotseqno is new (or very old). +*/ +{ + int i; + for (i = 0; i < 4; i++, ourseqno--) { + if (ourseqno < 0) + ourseqno = 7; + if (gotseqno == ourseqno) + return 1; + } + return 0; +} diff --git a/src/common.h b/src/common.h index 12c91d2..32dd206 100644 --- a/src/common.h +++ b/src/common.h @@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ struct query { char name[QUERY_NAME_SIZE]; unsigned short type; unsigned short id; + unsigned short iddupe; /* only used for dupe checking */ struct in_addr destination; struct sockaddr from; int fromlen; @@ -121,4 +122,6 @@ void errx(int eval, const char *fmt, ...); void warnx(const char *fmt, ...); #endif +int recent_seqno(int , int); + #endif