diff --git a/.mailmap b/.mailmap
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35ee25b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Ronan Pigott <ronan@rjp.ie> <rpigott@berkeley.edu>
diff --git a/common/gesture.c b/common/gesture.c
index 8c2efe99..58170443 100644
--- a/common/gesture.c
+++ b/common/gesture.c
@@ -12,23 +12,6 @@
 
 const uint8_t GESTURE_FINGERS_ANY = 0;
 
-// Helper to easily allocate and format string
-static char *strformat(const char *format, ...) {
-	va_list args;
-	va_start(args, format);
-	int length = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, args) + 1;
-	va_end(args);
-
-	char *result = malloc(length);
-	if (result) {
-		va_start(args, format);
-		vsnprintf(result, length, format, args);
-		va_end(args);
-	}
-
-	return result;
-}
-
 char *gesture_parse(const char *input, struct gesture *output) {
 	// Clear output in case of failure
 	output->type = GESTURE_TYPE_NONE;
@@ -38,7 +21,7 @@ char *gesture_parse(const char *input, struct gesture *output) {
 	// Split input type, fingers and directions
 	list_t *split = split_string(input, ":");
 	if (split->length < 1 || split->length > 3) {
-		return strformat(
+		return format_str(
 				"expected <gesture>[:<fingers>][:direction], got %s",
 				input);
 	}
@@ -51,8 +34,8 @@ char *gesture_parse(const char *input, struct gesture *output) {
 	} else if (strcmp(split->items[0], "swipe") == 0) {
 		output->type = GESTURE_TYPE_SWIPE;
 	} else {
-		return strformat("expected hold|pinch|swipe, got %s",
-				split->items[0]);
+		return format_str("expected hold|pinch|swipe, got %s",
+				(const char *)split->items[0]);
 	}
 
 	// Parse optional arguments
@@ -67,7 +50,7 @@ char *gesture_parse(const char *input, struct gesture *output) {
 			next = split->length == 3 ? split->items[2] : NULL;
 		} else if (split->length == 3) {
 			// Fail here if argument can only be finger count
-			return strformat("expected 1-9, got %s", next);
+			return format_str("expected 1-9, got %s", next);
 		}
 
 		// If there is an argument left, try to parse as direction
@@ -95,7 +78,7 @@ char *gesture_parse(const char *input, struct gesture *output) {
 				} else if (strcmp(item, "counterclockwise") == 0) {
 					output->directions |= GESTURE_DIRECTION_COUNTERCLOCKWISE;
 				} else {
-					return strformat("expected direction, got %s", item);
+					return format_str("expected direction, got %s", item);
 				}
 			}
 			list_free_items_and_destroy(directions);
@@ -163,7 +146,7 @@ static char *gesture_directions_to_string(uint32_t directions) {
 			if (!result) {
 				result = strdup(name);
 			} else {
-				char *new = strformat("%s+%s", result, name);
+				char *new = format_str("%s+%s", result, name);
 				free(result);
 				result = new;
 			}
@@ -179,7 +162,7 @@ static char *gesture_directions_to_string(uint32_t directions) {
 
 char *gesture_to_string(struct gesture *gesture) {
 	char *directions = gesture_directions_to_string(gesture->directions);
-	char *result = strformat("%s:%u:%s",
+	char *result = format_str("%s:%u:%s",
 		gesture_type_string(gesture->type),
 		gesture->fingers, directions);
 	free(directions);
diff --git a/common/pango.c b/common/pango.c
index e04bf80f..288569b3 100644
--- a/common/pango.c
+++ b/common/pango.c
@@ -84,18 +84,11 @@ void get_text_size(cairo_t *cairo, const PangoFontDescription *desc, int *width,
 		int *baseline, double scale, bool markup, const char *fmt, ...) {
 	va_list args;
 	va_start(args, fmt);
-	// Add one since vsnprintf excludes null terminator.
-	int length = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, args) + 1;
+	char *buf = vformat_str(fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
-
-	char *buf = malloc(length);
 	if (buf == NULL) {
-		sway_log(SWAY_ERROR, "Failed to allocate memory");
 		return;
 	}
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	vsnprintf(buf, length, fmt, args);
-	va_end(args);
 
 	PangoLayout *layout = get_pango_layout(cairo, desc, buf, scale, markup);
 	pango_cairo_update_layout(cairo, layout);
@@ -104,6 +97,7 @@ void get_text_size(cairo_t *cairo, const PangoFontDescription *desc, int *width,
 		*baseline = pango_layout_get_baseline(layout) / PANGO_SCALE;
 	}
 	g_object_unref(layout);
+
 	free(buf);
 }
 
@@ -125,18 +119,11 @@ void render_text(cairo_t *cairo, const PangoFontDescription *desc,
 		double scale, bool markup, const char *fmt, ...) {
 	va_list args;
 	va_start(args, fmt);
-	// Add one since vsnprintf excludes null terminator.
-	int length = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, args) + 1;
+	char *buf = vformat_str(fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
-
-	char *buf = malloc(length);
 	if (buf == NULL) {
-		sway_log(SWAY_ERROR, "Failed to allocate memory");
 		return;
 	}
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	vsnprintf(buf, length, fmt, args);
-	va_end(args);
 
 	PangoLayout *layout = get_pango_layout(cairo, desc, buf, scale, markup);
 	cairo_font_options_t *fo = cairo_font_options_create();
@@ -146,5 +133,6 @@ void render_text(cairo_t *cairo, const PangoFontDescription *desc,
 	pango_cairo_update_layout(cairo, layout);
 	pango_cairo_show_layout(cairo, layout);
 	g_object_unref(layout);
+
 	free(buf);
 }
diff --git a/common/stringop.c b/common/stringop.c
index 7fb3fe12..c503143a 100644
--- a/common/stringop.c
+++ b/common/stringop.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L
 #include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -328,3 +329,35 @@ bool expand_path(char **path) {
 	wordfree(&p);
 	return true;
 }
+
+char *vformat_str(const char *fmt, va_list args) {
+	char *str = NULL;
+	va_list args_copy;
+	va_copy(args_copy, args);
+
+	int len = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, args);
+	if (len < 0) {
+		sway_log_errno(SWAY_ERROR, "vsnprintf(\"%s\") failed", fmt);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	str = malloc(len + 1);
+	if (str == NULL) {
+		sway_log_errno(SWAY_ERROR, "malloc() failed");
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	vsnprintf(str, len + 1, fmt, args_copy);
+
+out:
+	va_end(args_copy);
+	return str;
+}
+
+char *format_str(const char *fmt, ...) {
+	va_list args;
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	char *str = vformat_str(fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	return str;
+}
diff --git a/include/pango.h b/include/pango.h
index 1db113c2..228e39cf 100644
--- a/include/pango.h
+++ b/include/pango.h
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <cairo.h>
 #include <pango/pangocairo.h>
+#include "stringop.h"
 
 /**
  * Utility function which escape characters a & < > ' ".
@@ -16,9 +17,9 @@ size_t escape_markup_text(const char *src, char *dest);
 PangoLayout *get_pango_layout(cairo_t *cairo, const PangoFontDescription *desc,
 		const char *text, double scale, bool markup);
 void get_text_size(cairo_t *cairo, const PangoFontDescription *desc, int *width, int *height,
-		int *baseline, double scale, bool markup, const char *fmt, ...);
+		int *baseline, double scale, bool markup, const char *fmt, ...) _SWAY_ATTRIB_PRINTF(8, 9);
 void get_text_metrics(const PangoFontDescription *desc, int *height, int *baseline);
 void render_text(cairo_t *cairo, PangoFontDescription *desc,
-		double scale, bool markup, const char *fmt, ...);
+		double scale, bool markup, const char *fmt, ...) _SWAY_ATTRIB_PRINTF(5, 6);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/include/stringop.h b/include/stringop.h
index b29f59b2..19a50f23 100644
--- a/include/stringop.h
+++ b/include/stringop.h
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include "list.h"
 
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define _SWAY_ATTRIB_PRINTF(start, end) __attribute__((format(printf, start, end)))
+#else
+#define _SWAY_ATTRIB_PRINTF(start, end)
+#endif
+
 void strip_whitespace(char *str);
 void strip_quotes(char *str);
 
@@ -31,4 +37,7 @@ char *argsep(char **stringp, const char *delim, char *matched_delim);
 // Expand a path using shell replacements such as $HOME and ~
 bool expand_path(char **path);
 
+char *vformat_str(const char *fmt, va_list args) _SWAY_ATTRIB_PRINTF(1, 0);
+char *format_str(const char *fmt, ...) _SWAY_ATTRIB_PRINTF(1, 2);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/include/sway/commands.h b/include/sway/commands.h
index fc6ce22e..3212c2cf 100644
--- a/include/sway/commands.h
+++ b/include/sway/commands.h
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <wlr/util/edges.h>
 #include "config.h"
+#include "stringop.h"
 
 struct sway_container;
 
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ struct cmd_results *config_commands_command(char *exec);
 /**
  * Allocates a cmd_results object.
  */
-struct cmd_results *cmd_results_new(enum cmd_status status, const char *error, ...);
+struct cmd_results *cmd_results_new(enum cmd_status status, const char *error, ...) _SWAY_ATTRIB_PRINTF(2, 3);
 /**
  * Frees a cmd_results object.
  */
diff --git a/include/sway/config.h b/include/sway/config.h
index 8415627b..aa58da53 100644
--- a/include/sway/config.h
+++ b/include/sway/config.h
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "../include/config.h"
 #include "gesture.h"
 #include "list.h"
+#include "stringop.h"
 #include "swaynag.h"
 #include "tree/container.h"
 #include "sway/input/tablet.h"
@@ -625,7 +626,7 @@ void run_deferred_bindings(void);
 /**
  * Adds a warning entry to the swaynag instance used for errors.
  */
-void config_add_swaynag_warning(char *fmt, ...);
+void config_add_swaynag_warning(char *fmt, ...) _SWAY_ATTRIB_PRINTF(1, 2);
 
 /**
  * Free config struct
diff --git a/include/sway/output.h b/include/sway/output.h
index 2aa1b278..04202976 100644
--- a/include/sway/output.h
+++ b/include/sway/output.h
@@ -96,6 +96,9 @@ void output_damage_box(struct sway_output *output, struct wlr_box *box);
 void output_damage_whole_container(struct sway_output *output,
 	struct sway_container *con);
 
+bool output_match_name_or_id(struct sway_output *output,
+	const char *name_or_id);
+
 // this ONLY includes the enabled outputs
 struct sway_output *output_by_name_or_id(const char *name_or_id);
 
diff --git a/include/sway/swaynag.h b/include/sway/swaynag.h
index 74d9ea18..03bd52c3 100644
--- a/include/sway/swaynag.h
+++ b/include/sway/swaynag.h
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef _SWAY_SWAYNAG_H
 #define _SWAY_SWAYNAG_H
 #include <wayland-server-core.h>
+#include "stringop.h"
 
 struct swaynag_instance {
 	struct wl_client *client;
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ bool swaynag_spawn(const char *swaynag_command,
 // Write a log message to swaynag->fd[1]. This will fail when swaynag->detailed
 // is false.
 void swaynag_log(const char *swaynag_command, struct swaynag_instance *swaynag,
-		const char *fmt, ...);
+		const char *fmt, ...) _SWAY_ATTRIB_PRINTF(3, 4);
 
 // If swaynag->detailed, close swaynag->fd[1] so swaynag displays
 void swaynag_show(struct swaynag_instance *swaynag);
diff --git a/include/sway/tree/container.h b/include/sway/tree/container.h
index 751612e2..fe3ee8a8 100644
--- a/include/sway/tree/container.h
+++ b/include/sway/tree/container.h
@@ -113,6 +113,11 @@ struct sway_container {
 	// Hidden scratchpad containers have a NULL parent.
 	bool scratchpad;
 
+	// Stores last output size and position for adjusting coordinates of
+	// scratchpad windows.
+	// Unused for non-scratchpad windows.
+	struct wlr_box transform;
+
 	float alpha;
 
 	struct wlr_texture *title_focused;
@@ -196,6 +201,9 @@ size_t container_titlebar_height(void);
 void floating_calculate_constraints(int *min_width, int *max_width,
 		int *min_height, int *max_height);
 
+void floating_fix_coordinates(struct sway_container *con,
+		struct wlr_box *old, struct wlr_box *new);
+
 void container_floating_resize_and_center(struct sway_container *con);
 
 void container_floating_set_default_size(struct sway_container *con);
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index 84e7c6c5..559ee962 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ add_project_arguments(
 		'-Wno-unused-parameter',
 		'-Wno-unused-result',
 		'-Wno-missing-braces',
+		'-Wno-format-zero-length',
 		'-Wundef',
 		'-Wvla',
 	],
@@ -117,6 +118,11 @@ conf_data.set10('HAVE_LIBSYSTEMD', sdbus.found() and sdbus.name() == 'libsystemd
 conf_data.set10('HAVE_LIBELOGIND', sdbus.found() and sdbus.name() == 'libelogind')
 conf_data.set10('HAVE_BASU', sdbus.found() and sdbus.name() == 'basu')
 conf_data.set10('HAVE_TRAY', have_tray)
+conf_data.set10('HAVE_LIBINPUT_CONFIG_ACCEL_PROFILE_CUSTOM', cc.has_header_symbol(
+	'libinput.h',
+	'LIBINPUT_CONFIG_ACCEL_PROFILE_CUSTOM',
+	dependencies: libinput,
+))
 
 scdoc = dependency('scdoc', version: '>=1.9.2', native: true, required: get_option('man-pages'))
 if scdoc.found()
diff --git a/sway/commands.c b/sway/commands.c
index 28e9d8d2..55eda183 100644
--- a/sway/commands.c
+++ b/sway/commands.c
@@ -381,10 +381,13 @@ struct cmd_results *config_command(char *exec, char **new_block) {
 	sway_log(SWAY_INFO, "Config command: %s", exec);
 	const struct cmd_handler *handler = find_core_handler(argv[0]);
 	if (!handler || !handler->handle) {
-		const char *error = handler
-			? "Command '%s' is shimmed, but unimplemented"
-			: "Unknown/invalid command '%s'";
-		results = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, error, argv[0]);
+		if (handler) {
+			results = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID,
+				"Command '%s' is shimmed, but unimplemented", argv[0]);
+		} else {
+			results = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID,
+				"Unknown/invalid command '%s'", argv[0]);
+		}
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
 
@@ -486,20 +489,10 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_results_new(enum cmd_status status,
 	}
 	results->status = status;
 	if (format) {
-		char *error = NULL;
 		va_list args;
 		va_start(args, format);
-		int slen = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, args);
+		results->error = vformat_str(format, args);
 		va_end(args);
-		if (slen > 0) {
-			error = malloc(slen + 1);
-			if (error != NULL) {
-				va_start(args, format);
-				vsnprintf(error, slen + 1, format, args);
-				va_end(args);
-			}
-		}
-		results->error = error;
 	} else {
 		results->error = NULL;
 	}
diff --git a/sway/commands/assign.c b/sway/commands/assign.c
index 976bc3cc..f7d911f7 100644
--- a/sway/commands/assign.c
+++ b/sway/commands/assign.c
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_assign(int argc, char **argv) {
 	char *err_str = NULL;
 	struct criteria *criteria = criteria_parse(argv[0], &err_str);
 	if (!criteria) {
-		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, err_str);
+		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", err_str);
 		free(err_str);
 		return error;
 	}
diff --git a/sway/commands/bar.c b/sway/commands/bar.c
index 8571d282..22756acb 100644
--- a/sway/commands/bar.c
+++ b/sway/commands/bar.c
@@ -73,12 +73,10 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_bar(int argc, char **argv) {
 		}
 		++argv; --argc;
 	} else if (config->reading && !config->current_bar) {
-		int len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "bar-%d", config->bars->length) + 1;
-		id = malloc(len * sizeof(char));
+		id = format_str("bar-%d", config->bars->length);
 		if (!id) {
 			return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE, "Unable to allocate bar id");
 		}
-		snprintf(id, len, "bar-%d", config->bars->length);
 	} else if (!config->reading && strcmp(argv[0], "mode") != 0 &&
 			strcmp(argv[0], "hidden_state") != 0) {
 		if (is_subcommand(argv[0])) {
diff --git a/sway/commands/bar/bind.c b/sway/commands/bar/bind.c
index b4b5bc45..8a837e3f 100644
--- a/sway/commands/bar/bind.c
+++ b/sway/commands/bar/bind.c
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *bar_cmd_bind(int argc, char **argv, bool code,
 	}
 	if (message) {
 		free_bar_binding(binding);
-		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, message);
+		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", message);
 		free(message);
 		return error;
 	} else if (!binding->button) {
diff --git a/sway/commands/bar/tray_bind.c b/sway/commands/bar/tray_bind.c
index 243834ba..3dc9bc4c 100644
--- a/sway/commands/bar/tray_bind.c
+++ b/sway/commands/bar/tray_bind.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *tray_bind(int argc, char **argv, bool code) {
 	}
 	if (message) {
 		free(binding);
-		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, message);
+		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", message);
 		free(message);
 		return error;
 	} else if (!binding->button) {
diff --git a/sway/commands/bind.c b/sway/commands/bind.c
index c0b383db..979e178f 100644
--- a/sway/commands/bind.c
+++ b/sway/commands/bind.c
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *identify_key(const char* name, bool first_key,
 		if (!button) {
 			if (message) {
 				struct cmd_results *error =
-					cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, message);
+					cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", message);
 				free(message);
 				return error;
 			} else {
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *identify_key(const char* name, bool first_key,
 		if (!button) {
 			if (message) {
 				struct cmd_results *error =
-					cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, message);
+					cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", message);
 				free(message);
 				return error;
 			} else {
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *identify_key(const char* name, bool first_key,
 			uint32_t button = get_mouse_bindsym(name, &message);
 			if (message) {
 				struct cmd_results *error =
-					cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, message);
+					cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", message);
 				free(message);
 				return error;
 			} else if (button) {
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_bind_or_unbind_switch(int argc, char **argv,
 		free_switch_binding(binding);
 		return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE,
 				"Invalid %s command (expected binding with the form "
-				"<switch>:<state>)", bindtype, argc);
+				"<switch>:<state>)", bindtype);
 	}
 	if (strcmp(split->items[0], "tablet") == 0) {
 		binding->type = WLR_SWITCH_TYPE_TABLET_MODE;
@@ -549,7 +549,8 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_bind_or_unbind_switch(int argc, char **argv,
 		free_switch_binding(binding);
 		return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE,
 				"Invalid %s command (expected switch binding: "
-				"unknown switch %s)", bindtype, split->items[0]);
+				"unknown switch %s)", bindtype,
+				(const char *)split->items[0]);
 	}
 	if (strcmp(split->items[1], "on") == 0) {
 		binding->trigger = SWAY_SWITCH_TRIGGER_ON;
@@ -562,7 +563,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_bind_or_unbind_switch(int argc, char **argv,
 		return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE,
 				"Invalid %s command "
 				"(expected switch state: unknown state %s)",
-				bindtype, split->items[1]);
+				bindtype, (const char *)split->items[1]);
 	}
 	list_free_items_and_destroy(split);
 
diff --git a/sway/commands/floating_minmax_size.c b/sway/commands/floating_minmax_size.c
index 3a1d606a..e8c24ace 100644
--- a/sway/commands/floating_minmax_size.c
+++ b/sway/commands/floating_minmax_size.c
@@ -23,16 +23,16 @@ static struct cmd_results *handle_command(int argc, char **argv, char *cmd_name,
 	char *err;
 	int width = (int)strtol(argv[0], &err, 10);
 	if (*err) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, cmd_name, usage);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 	}
 
 	if (strcmp(argv[1], "x") != 0) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, cmd_name, usage);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 	}
 
 	int height = (int)strtol(argv[2], &err, 10);
 	if (*err) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, cmd_name, usage);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 	}
 
 	*config_width = width;
diff --git a/sway/commands/for_window.c b/sway/commands/for_window.c
index ee9f4647..905e6776 100644
--- a/sway/commands/for_window.c
+++ b/sway/commands/for_window.c
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_for_window(int argc, char **argv) {
 	char *err_str = NULL;
 	struct criteria *criteria = criteria_parse(argv[0], &err_str);
 	if (!criteria) {
-		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, err_str);
+		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", err_str);
 		free(err_str);
 		return error;
 	}
diff --git a/sway/commands/hide_edge_borders.c b/sway/commands/hide_edge_borders.c
index 9a1d8445..43bd6dc8 100644
--- a/sway/commands/hide_edge_borders.c
+++ b/sway/commands/hide_edge_borders.c
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_hide_edge_borders(int argc, char **argv) {
 	}
 
 	if (!argc) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 	}
 
 	if (strcmp(argv[0], "none") == 0) {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_hide_edge_borders(int argc, char **argv) {
 		config->hide_edge_borders = E_NONE;
 		config->hide_edge_borders_smart = ESMART_NO_GAPS;
 	} else {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 	}
 	config->hide_lone_tab = hide_lone_tab;
 
diff --git a/sway/commands/input/map_to_region.c b/sway/commands/input/map_to_region.c
index 284b57d0..ad535db2 100644
--- a/sway/commands/input/map_to_region.c
+++ b/sway/commands/input/map_to_region.c
@@ -49,5 +49,5 @@ struct cmd_results *input_cmd_map_to_region(int argc, char **argv) {
 error:
 	free(ic->mapped_to_region);
 	ic->mapped_to_region = NULL;
-	return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE, errstr);
+	return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE, "%s", errstr);
 }
diff --git a/sway/commands/input/scroll_button.c b/sway/commands/input/scroll_button.c
index 6b331419..81f69a6d 100644
--- a/sway/commands/input/scroll_button.c
+++ b/sway/commands/input/scroll_button.c
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ struct cmd_results *input_cmd_scroll_button(int argc, char **argv) {
 	char *message = NULL;
 	uint32_t button = get_mouse_button(*argv, &message);
 	if (message) {
-		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, message);
+		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", message);
 		free(message);
 		return error;
 	} else if (button == SWAY_SCROLL_UP || button == SWAY_SCROLL_DOWN
diff --git a/sway/commands/layout.c b/sway/commands/layout.c
index 2ba61b38..12ce4839 100644
--- a/sway/commands/layout.c
+++ b/sway/commands/layout.c
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_layout(int argc, char **argv) {
 				workspace->output);
 	}
 	if (new_layout == L_NONE) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 	}
 	if (new_layout != old_layout) {
 		if (container) {
diff --git a/sway/commands/move.c b/sway/commands/move.c
index 7bd1fe3e..69ed06c0 100644
--- a/sway/commands/move.c
+++ b/sway/commands/move.c
@@ -206,9 +206,17 @@ static void container_move_to_workspace(struct sway_container *container,
 		container_detach(container);
 		workspace_add_floating(workspace, container);
 		container_handle_fullscreen_reparent(container);
-		// If changing output, center it within the workspace
+		// If changing output, adjust the coordinates of the window.
 		if (old_output != workspace->output && !container->pending.fullscreen_mode) {
-			container_floating_move_to_center(container);
+			struct wlr_box workspace_box, old_workspace_box;
+			workspace_get_box(workspace, &workspace_box);
+			workspace_get_box(old_workspace, &old_workspace_box);
+			floating_fix_coordinates(container, &old_workspace_box, &workspace_box);
+			if (container->scratchpad && workspace->output) {
+				struct wlr_box output_box;
+				output_get_box(workspace->output, &output_box);
+				container->transform = workspace_box;
+			}
 		}
 	} else {
 		container_detach(container);
@@ -462,7 +470,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_move_container(bool no_auto_back_and_forth,
 			if (strcasecmp(argv[1], "number") == 0) {
 				// move [window|container] [to] "workspace number x"
 				if (argc < 3) {
-					return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+					return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 				}
 				if (!isdigit(argv[2][0])) {
 					return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID,
@@ -522,7 +530,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_move_container(bool no_auto_back_and_forth,
 		}
 		destination = &dest_con->node;
 	} else {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 	}
 
 	if (destination->type == N_CONTAINER &&
@@ -821,7 +829,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_move_to_position(int argc, char **argv) {
 	}
 
 	if (!argc) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_position_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_position_syntax);
 	}
 
 	bool absolute = false;
@@ -831,19 +839,19 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_move_to_position(int argc, char **argv) {
 		++argv;
 	}
 	if (!argc) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_position_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_position_syntax);
 	}
 	if (strcmp(argv[0], "position") == 0) {
 		--argc;
 		++argv;
 	}
 	if (!argc) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_position_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_position_syntax);
 	}
 	if (strcmp(argv[0], "cursor") == 0 || strcmp(argv[0], "mouse") == 0 ||
 			strcmp(argv[0], "pointer") == 0) {
 		if (absolute) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_position_syntax);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_position_syntax);
 		}
 		return cmd_move_to_position_pointer(container);
 	} else if (strcmp(argv[0], "center") == 0) {
@@ -865,7 +873,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_move_to_position(int argc, char **argv) {
 	}
 
 	if (argc < 2) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE, expected_position_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE, "%s", expected_position_syntax);
 	}
 
 	struct movement_amount lx = { .amount = 0, .unit = MOVEMENT_UNIT_INVALID };
@@ -878,7 +886,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_move_to_position(int argc, char **argv) {
 	}
 
 	if (argc < 1) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE, expected_position_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE, "%s", expected_position_syntax);
 	}
 
 	struct movement_amount ly = { .amount = 0, .unit = MOVEMENT_UNIT_INVALID };
@@ -887,7 +895,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_move_to_position(int argc, char **argv) {
 	argc -= num_consumed_args;
 	argv += num_consumed_args;
 	if (argc > 0) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_position_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_position_syntax);
 	}
 	if (ly.unit == MOVEMENT_UNIT_INVALID) {
 		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "Invalid y position specified");
@@ -1033,13 +1041,13 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_move(int argc, char **argv) {
 	}
 
 	if (!argc) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_full_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_full_syntax);
 	}
 
 	// Only `move [window|container] [to] workspace` supports
 	// `--no-auto-back-and-forth` so treat others as invalid syntax
 	if (no_auto_back_and_forth && strcasecmp(argv[0], "workspace") != 0) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_full_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_full_syntax);
 	}
 
 	if (strcasecmp(argv[0], "workspace") == 0 ||
@@ -1053,5 +1061,5 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_move(int argc, char **argv) {
 			strcasecmp(argv[1], "position") == 0)) {
 		return cmd_move_to_position(argc, argv);
 	}
-	return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_full_syntax);
+	return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_full_syntax);
 }
diff --git a/sway/commands/no_focus.c b/sway/commands/no_focus.c
index 2001e04f..ccfdec82 100644
--- a/sway/commands/no_focus.c
+++ b/sway/commands/no_focus.c
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_no_focus(int argc, char **argv) {
 	char *err_str = NULL;
 	struct criteria *criteria = criteria_parse(argv[0], &err_str);
 	if (!criteria) {
-		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, err_str);
+		error = cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", err_str);
 		free(err_str);
 		return error;
 	}
diff --git a/sway/commands/rename.c b/sway/commands/rename.c
index 60a66d58..0d36cc21 100644
--- a/sway/commands/rename.c
+++ b/sway/commands/rename.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_rename(int argc, char **argv) {
 				"Can't run this command while there's no outputs connected.");
 	}
 	if (strcasecmp(argv[0], "workspace") != 0) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 	}
 
 	int argn = 1;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_rename(int argc, char **argv) {
 	++argn; // move past "to"
 
 	if (argn >= argc) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 	}
 
 	char *new_name = join_args(argv + argn, argc - argn);
diff --git a/sway/commands/resize.c b/sway/commands/resize.c
index 425069de..e69e5506 100644
--- a/sway/commands/resize.c
+++ b/sway/commands/resize.c
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_resize_set(int argc, char **argv) {
 		argc -= num_consumed_args;
 		argv += num_consumed_args;
 		if (width.unit == MOVEMENT_UNIT_INVALID) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, usage);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -427,10 +427,10 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_resize_set(int argc, char **argv) {
 		}
 		int num_consumed_args = parse_movement_amount(argc, argv, &height);
 		if (argc > num_consumed_args) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, usage);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 		}
 		if (width.unit == MOVEMENT_UNIT_INVALID) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, usage);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_resize_adjust(int argc, char **argv,
 		"[<amount> px|ppt [or <amount> px|ppt]]'";
 	uint32_t axis = parse_resize_axis(*argv);
 	if (axis == WLR_EDGE_NONE) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, usage);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 	}
 	--argc; ++argv;
 
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_resize_adjust(int argc, char **argv,
 		argc -= num_consumed_args;
 		argv += num_consumed_args;
 		if (first_amount.unit == MOVEMENT_UNIT_INVALID) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, usage);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 		}
 	} else {
 		first_amount.amount = 10;
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_resize_adjust(int argc, char **argv,
 	// "or"
 	if (argc) {
 		if (strcmp(*argv, "or") != 0) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, usage);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 		}
 		--argc; ++argv;
 	}
@@ -493,10 +493,10 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_resize_adjust(int argc, char **argv,
 	if (argc) {
 		int num_consumed_args = parse_movement_amount(argc, argv, &second_amount);
 		if (argc > num_consumed_args) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, usage);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 		}
 		if (second_amount.unit == MOVEMENT_UNIT_INVALID) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, usage);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 		}
 	} else {
 		second_amount.amount = 0;
@@ -566,5 +566,5 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_resize(int argc, char **argv) {
 	const char usage[] = "Expected 'resize <shrink|grow> "
 		"<width|height|up|down|left|right> [<amount>] [px|ppt]'";
 
-	return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, usage);
+	return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", usage);
 }
diff --git a/sway/commands/seat/cursor.c b/sway/commands/seat/cursor.c
index 504a9f5e..5a8a3bc8 100644
--- a/sway/commands/seat/cursor.c
+++ b/sway/commands/seat/cursor.c
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *handle_command(struct sway_cursor *cursor,
 		int argc, char **argv) {
 	if (strcasecmp(argv[0], "move") == 0) {
 		if (argc < 3) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 		}
 		int delta_x = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
 		int delta_y = strtol(argv[2], NULL, 10);
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *handle_command(struct sway_cursor *cursor,
 		wlr_seat_pointer_notify_frame(cursor->seat->wlr_seat);
 	} else if (strcasecmp(argv[0], "set") == 0) {
 		if (argc < 3) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 		}
 		// map absolute coords (0..1,0..1) to root container coords
 		float x = strtof(argv[1], NULL) / root->width;
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *handle_command(struct sway_cursor *cursor,
 		wlr_seat_pointer_notify_frame(cursor->seat->wlr_seat);
 	} else {
 		if (argc < 2) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 		}
 		struct cmd_results *error = NULL;
 		if ((error = press_or_release(cursor, argv[0], argv[1]))) {
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ static struct cmd_results *press_or_release(struct sway_cursor *cursor,
 	} else if (strcasecmp(action, "release") == 0) {
 		state = WLR_BUTTON_RELEASED;
 	} else {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 	}
 
 	char *message = NULL;
 	button = get_mouse_button(button_str, &message);
 	if (message) {
 		struct cmd_results *error =
-			cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, message);
+			cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", message);
 		free(message);
 		return error;
 	} else if (button == SWAY_SCROLL_UP || button == SWAY_SCROLL_DOWN
diff --git a/sway/commands/split.c b/sway/commands/split.c
index c8a2cfc1..500a497d 100644
--- a/sway/commands/split.c
+++ b/sway/commands/split.c
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *do_split(int layout) {
 	return cmd_results_new(CMD_SUCCESS, NULL);
 }
 
-static struct cmd_results *do_unsplit() {
+static struct cmd_results *do_unsplit(void) {
 	struct sway_container *con = config->handler_context.container;
 	struct sway_workspace *ws = config->handler_context.workspace;
 
diff --git a/sway/commands/swap.c b/sway/commands/swap.c
index b457f121..d44eb006 100644
--- a/sway/commands/swap.c
+++ b/sway/commands/swap.c
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_swap(int argc, char **argv) {
 	}
 
 	if (strcasecmp(argv[0], "container") || strcasecmp(argv[1], "with")) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 	}
 
 	struct sway_container *current = config->handler_context.container;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_swap(int argc, char **argv) {
 		other = root_find_container(test_mark, value);
 	} else {
 		free(value);
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected_syntax);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected_syntax);
 	}
 
 	if (!other) {
diff --git a/sway/commands/workspace.c b/sway/commands/workspace.c
index a6a0beda..03e488ba 100644
--- a/sway/commands/workspace.c
+++ b/sway/commands/workspace.c
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_workspace_gaps(int argc, char **argv,
 	const char expected[] = "Expected 'workspace <name> gaps "
 		"inner|outer|horizontal|vertical|top|right|bottom|left <px>'";
 	if (gaps_location == 0) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected);
 	}
 	struct cmd_results *error = NULL;
 	if ((error = checkarg(argc, "workspace", EXPECTED_EQUAL_TO,
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_workspace_gaps(int argc, char **argv,
 	char *end;
 	int amount = strtol(argv[gaps_location + 2], &end, 10);
 	if (strlen(end)) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE, expected);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE, "%s", expected);
 	}
 
 	bool valid = false;
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ static struct cmd_results *cmd_workspace_gaps(int argc, char **argv,
 		}
 	}
 	if (!valid) {
-		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, expected);
+		return cmd_results_new(CMD_INVALID, "%s", expected);
 	}
 
 	// Prevent invalid gaps configurations.
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ struct cmd_results *cmd_workspace(int argc, char **argv) {
 		}
 
 		if (root->fullscreen_global) {
-			return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE, "workspace",
+			return cmd_results_new(CMD_FAILURE,
 				"Can't switch workspaces while fullscreen global");
 		}
 
diff --git a/sway/config.c b/sway/config.c
index f5efa98a..8c8c148d 100644
--- a/sway/config.c
+++ b/sway/config.c
@@ -924,23 +924,18 @@ void config_add_swaynag_warning(char *fmt, ...) {
 	if (config->reading && !config->validating) {
 		va_list args;
 		va_start(args, fmt);
-		size_t length = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, args) + 1;
+		char *str = vformat_str(fmt, args);
 		va_end(args);
-
-		char *temp = malloc(length + 1);
-		if (!temp) {
-			sway_log(SWAY_ERROR, "Failed to allocate buffer for warning.");
+		if (str == NULL) {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		va_start(args, fmt);
-		vsnprintf(temp, length, fmt, args);
-		va_end(args);
-
 		swaynag_log(config->swaynag_command, &config->swaynag_config_errors,
 			"Warning on line %i (%s) '%s': %s",
 			config->current_config_line_number, config->current_config_path,
-			config->current_config_line, temp);
+			config->current_config_line, str);
+
+		free(str);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/sway/config/output.c b/sway/config/output.c
index 3b524433..6fb29ded 100644
--- a/sway/config/output.c
+++ b/sway/config/output.c
@@ -153,25 +153,16 @@ static void merge_wildcard_on_all(struct output_config *wildcard) {
 }
 
 static void merge_id_on_name(struct output_config *oc) {
-	char *id_on_name = NULL;
-	char id[128];
-	char *name = NULL;
-	struct sway_output *output;
-	wl_list_for_each(output, &root->all_outputs, link) {
-		name = output->wlr_output->name;
-		output_get_identifier(id, sizeof(id), output);
-		if (strcmp(name, oc->name) == 0 || strcmp(id, oc->name) == 0) {
-			size_t length = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s on %s", id, name) + 1;
-			id_on_name = malloc(length);
-			if (!id_on_name) {
-				sway_log(SWAY_ERROR, "Failed to allocate id on name string");
-				return;
-			}
-			snprintf(id_on_name, length, "%s on %s", id, name);
-			break;
-		}
+	struct sway_output *output = all_output_by_name_or_id(oc->name);
+	if (output == NULL) {
+		return;
 	}
 
+	const char *name = output->wlr_output->name;
+	char id[128];
+	output_get_identifier(id, sizeof(id), output);
+
+	char *id_on_name = format_str("%s on %s", id, name);
 	if (!id_on_name) {
 		return;
 	}
@@ -639,9 +630,7 @@ static struct output_config *get_output_config(char *identifier,
 	struct output_config *oc_name = NULL;
 	struct output_config *oc_id = NULL;
 
-	size_t length = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s on %s", identifier, name) + 1;
-	char *id_on_name = malloc(length);
-	snprintf(id_on_name, length, "%s on %s", identifier, name);
+	char *id_on_name = format_str("%s on %s", identifier, name);
 	int i = list_seq_find(config->output_configs, output_name_cmp, id_on_name);
 	if (i >= 0) {
 		oc_id_on_name = config->output_configs->items[i];
@@ -728,12 +717,11 @@ void apply_output_config_to_outputs(struct output_config *oc) {
 	// this is during startup then there will be no container and config
 	// will be applied during normal "new output" event from wlroots.
 	bool wildcard = strcmp(oc->name, "*") == 0;
-	char id[128];
 	struct sway_output *sway_output, *tmp;
 	wl_list_for_each_safe(sway_output, tmp, &root->all_outputs, link) {
-		char *name = sway_output->wlr_output->name;
-		output_get_identifier(id, sizeof(id), sway_output);
-		if (wildcard || !strcmp(name, oc->name) || !strcmp(id, oc->name)) {
+		if (output_match_name_or_id(sway_output, oc->name)) {
+			char id[128];
+			output_get_identifier(id, sizeof(id), sway_output);
 			struct output_config *current = get_output_config(id, sway_output);
 			if (!current) {
 				// No stored output config matched, apply oc directly
diff --git a/sway/desktop/launcher.c b/sway/desktop/launcher.c
index b666da1e..00a7e38a 100644
--- a/sway/desktop/launcher.c
+++ b/sway/desktop/launcher.c
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ struct launcher_ctx *launcher_ctx_create(struct wlr_xdg_activation_token_v1 *tok
 }
 
 // Creates a context with a new token for the internal launcher
-struct launcher_ctx *launcher_ctx_create_internal() {
+struct launcher_ctx *launcher_ctx_create_internal(void) {
 	struct sway_seat *seat = input_manager_current_seat();
 	struct sway_workspace *ws = seat_get_focused_workspace(seat);
 	if (!ws) {
diff --git a/sway/desktop/output.c b/sway/desktop/output.c
index 0c8a5fd4..2255b551 100644
--- a/sway/desktop/output.c
+++ b/sway/desktop/output.c
@@ -36,13 +36,22 @@
 #include <wlr/types/wlr_drm_lease_v1.h>
 #endif
 
+bool output_match_name_or_id(struct sway_output *output,
+		const char *name_or_id) {
+	if (strcmp(name_or_id, "*") == 0) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	char identifier[128];
+	output_get_identifier(identifier, sizeof(identifier), output);
+	return strcasecmp(identifier, name_or_id) == 0
+		|| strcasecmp(output->wlr_output->name, name_or_id) == 0;
+}
+
 struct sway_output *output_by_name_or_id(const char *name_or_id) {
 	for (int i = 0; i < root->outputs->length; ++i) {
 		struct sway_output *output = root->outputs->items[i];
-		char identifier[128];
-		output_get_identifier(identifier, sizeof(identifier), output);
-		if (strcasecmp(identifier, name_or_id) == 0
-				|| strcasecmp(output->wlr_output->name, name_or_id) == 0) {
+		if (output_match_name_or_id(output, name_or_id)) {
 			return output;
 		}
 	}
@@ -52,10 +61,7 @@ struct sway_output *output_by_name_or_id(const char *name_or_id) {
 struct sway_output *all_output_by_name_or_id(const char *name_or_id) {
 	struct sway_output *output;
 	wl_list_for_each(output, &root->all_outputs, link) {
-		char identifier[128];
-		output_get_identifier(identifier, sizeof(identifier), output);
-		if (strcasecmp(identifier, name_or_id) == 0
-				|| strcasecmp(output->wlr_output->name, name_or_id) == 0) {
+		if (output_match_name_or_id(output, name_or_id)) {
 			return output;
 		}
 	}
@@ -512,6 +518,10 @@ static bool scan_out_fullscreen_view(struct sway_output *output,
 		return false;
 	}
 
+	if (!wlr_output_is_direct_scanout_allowed(wlr_output)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
 	wlr_output_attach_buffer(wlr_output, &surface->buffer->base);
 	if (!wlr_output_test(wlr_output)) {
 		return false;
@@ -552,6 +562,11 @@ static int output_repaint_timer_handler(void *data) {
 
 	wlr_output->frame_pending = false;
 
+	if (!wlr_output->needs_frame &&
+			!pixman_region32_not_empty(&output->damage_ring.current)) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	struct sway_workspace *workspace = output->current.active_workspace;
 	if (workspace == NULL) {
 		return 0;
@@ -562,6 +577,11 @@ static int output_repaint_timer_handler(void *data) {
 		fullscreen_con = workspace->current.fullscreen;
 	}
 
+	pixman_region32_t frame_damage;
+	get_frame_damage(output, &frame_damage);
+	wlr_output_set_damage(wlr_output, &frame_damage);
+	pixman_region32_fini(&frame_damage);
+
 	if (fullscreen_con && fullscreen_con->view && !debug.noscanout) {
 		// Try to scan-out the fullscreen view
 		static bool last_scanned_out = false;
@@ -584,11 +604,6 @@ static int output_repaint_timer_handler(void *data) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (!output->wlr_output->needs_frame &&
-			!pixman_region32_not_empty(&output->damage_ring.current)) {
-		return 0;
-	}
-
 	int buffer_age;
 	if (!wlr_output_attach_render(output->wlr_output, &buffer_age)) {
 		return 0;
@@ -605,11 +620,6 @@ static int output_repaint_timer_handler(void *data) {
 
 	pixman_region32_fini(&damage);
 
-	pixman_region32_t frame_damage;
-	get_frame_damage(output, &frame_damage);
-	wlr_output_set_damage(wlr_output, &frame_damage);
-	pixman_region32_fini(&frame_damage);
-
 	if (!wlr_output_commit(wlr_output)) {
 		return 0;
 	}
@@ -884,11 +894,6 @@ static void handle_mode(struct sway_output *output) {
 	arrange_output(output);
 	transaction_commit_dirty();
 
-	int width, height;
-	wlr_output_transformed_resolution(output->wlr_output, &width, &height);
-	wlr_damage_ring_set_bounds(&output->damage_ring, width, height);
-	wlr_output_schedule_frame(output->wlr_output);
-
 	update_output_manager_config(output->server);
 }
 
@@ -1024,6 +1029,9 @@ void handle_new_output(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
 
 	transaction_commit_dirty();
 
+	int width, height;
+	wlr_output_transformed_resolution(output->wlr_output, &width, &height);
+	wlr_damage_ring_set_bounds(&output->damage_ring, width, height);
 	update_output_manager_config(server);
 }
 
diff --git a/sway/desktop/xdg_shell.c b/sway/desktop/xdg_shell.c
index 8da922d5..9b6456da 100644
--- a/sway/desktop/xdg_shell.c
+++ b/sway/desktop/xdg_shell.c
@@ -67,7 +67,13 @@ static void popup_unconstrain(struct sway_xdg_popup *popup) {
 	struct sway_view *view = popup->child.view;
 	struct wlr_xdg_popup *wlr_popup = popup->wlr_xdg_popup;
 
-	struct sway_output *output = view->container->pending.workspace->output;
+	struct sway_workspace *workspace = view->container->pending.workspace;
+	if (!workspace) {
+		// is null if in the scratchpad
+		return;
+	}
+
+	struct sway_output *output = workspace->output;
 
 	// the output box expressed in the coordinate system of the toplevel parent
 	// of the popup
diff --git a/sway/input/cursor.c b/sway/input/cursor.c
index 15687993..75d055cd 100644
--- a/sway/input/cursor.c
+++ b/sway/input/cursor.c
@@ -1273,11 +1273,7 @@ uint32_t get_mouse_bindsym(const char *name, char **error) {
 		// Get event code from name
 		int code = libevdev_event_code_from_name(EV_KEY, name);
 		if (code == -1) {
-			size_t len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "Unknown event %s", name) + 1;
-			*error = malloc(len);
-			if (*error) {
-				snprintf(*error, len, "Unknown event %s", name);
-			}
+			*error = format_str("Unknown event %s", name);
 			return 0;
 		}
 		return code;
@@ -1299,13 +1295,8 @@ uint32_t get_mouse_bindcode(const char *name, char **error) {
 	}
 	const char *event = libevdev_event_code_get_name(EV_KEY, code);
 	if (!event || strncmp(event, "BTN_", strlen("BTN_")) != 0) {
-		size_t len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "Event code %d (%s) is not a button",
-				code, event ? event : "(null)") + 1;
-		*error = malloc(len);
-		if (*error) {
-			snprintf(*error, len, "Event code %d (%s) is not a button",
-					code, event ? event : "(null)");
-		}
+		*error = format_str("Event code %d (%s) is not a button",
+			code, event ? event : "(null)");
 		return 0;
 	}
 	return code;
diff --git a/sway/input/input-manager.c b/sway/input/input-manager.c
index ea2cc038..1115ba5e 100644
--- a/sway/input/input-manager.c
+++ b/sway/input/input-manager.c
@@ -80,15 +80,7 @@ char *input_device_get_identifier(struct wlr_input_device *device) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	const char *fmt = "%d:%d:%s";
-	int len = snprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, vendor, product, name) + 1;
-	char *identifier = malloc(len);
-	if (!identifier) {
-		sway_log(SWAY_ERROR, "Unable to allocate unique input device name");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	snprintf(identifier, len, fmt, vendor, product, name);
+	char *identifier = format_str("%d:%d:%s", vendor, product, name);
 	free(name);
 	return identifier;
 }
diff --git a/sway/input/keyboard.c b/sway/input/keyboard.c
index 45a588ec..c3bf4fbb 100644
--- a/sway/input/keyboard.c
+++ b/sway/input/keyboard.c
@@ -717,23 +717,11 @@ struct sway_keyboard *sway_keyboard_create(struct sway_seat *seat,
 
 static void handle_xkb_context_log(struct xkb_context *context,
 		enum xkb_log_level level, const char *format, va_list args) {
-	va_list args_copy;
-	va_copy(args_copy, args);
-	size_t length = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, format, args_copy) + 1;
-	va_end(args_copy);
+	char *error = vformat_str(format, args);
 
-	char *error = malloc(length);
-	if (!error) {
-		sway_log(SWAY_ERROR, "Failed to allocate libxkbcommon log message");
-		return;
-	}
-
-	va_copy(args_copy, args);
-	vsnprintf(error, length, format, args_copy);
-	va_end(args_copy);
-
-	if (error[length - 2] == '\n') {
-		error[length - 2] = '\0';
+	size_t len = strlen(error);
+	if (error[len - 1] == '\n') {
+		error[len - 1] = '\0';
 	}
 
 	sway_log_importance_t importance = SWAY_DEBUG;
@@ -768,13 +756,8 @@ struct xkb_keymap *sway_keyboard_compile_keymap(struct input_config *ic,
 		if (!keymap_file) {
 			sway_log_errno(SWAY_ERROR, "cannot read xkb file %s", ic->xkb_file);
 			if (error) {
-				size_t len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "cannot read xkb file %s: %s",
-						ic->xkb_file, strerror(errno)) + 1;
-				*error = malloc(len);
-				if (*error) {
-					snprintf(*error, len, "cannot read xkb_file %s: %s",
-							ic->xkb_file, strerror(errno));
-				}
+				*error = format_str("cannot read xkb file %s: %s",
+					ic->xkb_file, strerror(errno));
 			}
 			goto cleanup;
 		}
diff --git a/sway/ipc-json.c b/sway/ipc-json.c
index 51e6a995..c7cbea01 100644
--- a/sway/ipc-json.c
+++ b/sway/ipc-json.c
@@ -935,6 +935,11 @@ static json_object *describe_libinput_device(struct libinput_device *device) {
 		case LIBINPUT_CONFIG_ACCEL_PROFILE_ADAPTIVE:
 			accel_profile = "adaptive";
 			break;
+#if HAVE_LIBINPUT_CONFIG_ACCEL_PROFILE_CUSTOM
+		case LIBINPUT_CONFIG_ACCEL_PROFILE_CUSTOM:
+			accel_profile = "custom";
+			break;
+#endif
 		}
 		json_object_object_add(object, "accel_profile",
 				json_object_new_string(accel_profile));
diff --git a/sway/server.c b/sway/server.c
index 244c7aec..0cf767b7 100644
--- a/sway/server.c
+++ b/sway/server.c
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ bool server_init(struct sway_server *server) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	server->compositor = wlr_compositor_create(server->wl_display,
+	server->compositor = wlr_compositor_create(server->wl_display, 5,
 		server->renderer);
 	server->compositor_new_surface.notify = handle_compositor_new_surface;
 	wl_signal_add(&server->compositor->events.new_surface,
diff --git a/sway/sway-input.5.scd b/sway/sway-input.5.scd
index 91c978d6..1662d55a 100644
--- a/sway/sway-input.5.scd
+++ b/sway/sway-input.5.scd
@@ -228,6 +228,8 @@ correct seat.
 	absolute coordinates (with respect to the global coordinate space).
 	Specifying either value as 0 will not update that coordinate.
 
+	Deprecated: use the virtual-pointer Wayland protocol instead.
+
 *seat* <seat> cursor press|release button[1-9]|<event-name-or-code>
 	Simulate pressing (or releasing) the specified mouse button on the
 	specified seat. The button can either be provided as a button event name or
@@ -236,6 +238,8 @@ correct seat.
 	event will be simulated, however _press_ and _release_ will be ignored and
 	both will occur.
 
+	Deprecated: use the virtual-pointer Wayland protocol instead.
+
 *seat* <name> fallback true|false
 	Set this seat as the fallback seat. A fallback seat will attach any device
 	not explicitly attached to another seat (similar to a "default" seat).
@@ -251,6 +255,10 @@ correct seat.
 	If _when-typing_ is enabled, then the cursor will be hidden whenever a key
 	is pressed.
 
+	Be aware that this setting can interfere with input handling in games and
+	certain types of software (Gimp, Blender etc) that rely on simultaneous
+	input from mouse and keyboard.
+
 *seat* <name> idle_inhibit <sources...>
 	Sets the set of input event sources which can prevent the seat from
 	becoming idle, as a space separated list of source names. Valid names are
diff --git a/sway/swaynag.c b/sway/swaynag.c
index 4a0a6d30..6031174d 100644
--- a/sway/swaynag.c
+++ b/sway/swaynag.c
@@ -145,22 +145,16 @@ void swaynag_log(const char *swaynag_command, struct swaynag_instance *swaynag,
 
 	va_list args;
 	va_start(args, fmt);
-	size_t length = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, args) + 1;
+	char *str = vformat_str(fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
-
-	char *temp = malloc(length + 1);
-	if (!temp) {
+	if (!str) {
 		sway_log(SWAY_ERROR, "Failed to allocate buffer for swaynag log entry.");
 		return;
 	}
 
-	va_start(args, fmt);
-	vsnprintf(temp, length, fmt, args);
-	va_end(args);
+	write(swaynag->fd[1], str, strlen(str));
 
-	write(swaynag->fd[1], temp, length);
-
-	free(temp);
+	free(str);
 }
 
 void swaynag_show(struct swaynag_instance *swaynag) {
diff --git a/sway/tree/arrange.c b/sway/tree/arrange.c
index 9c1a11e5..af925d05 100644
--- a/sway/tree/arrange.c
+++ b/sway/tree/arrange.c
@@ -264,6 +264,9 @@ void arrange_workspace(struct sway_workspace *workspace) {
 			area->width, area->height, area->x, area->y);
 
 	bool first_arrange = workspace->width == 0 && workspace->height == 0;
+	struct wlr_box prev_box;
+	workspace_get_box(workspace, &prev_box);
+
 	double prev_x = workspace->x - workspace->current_gaps.left;
 	double prev_y = workspace->y - workspace->current_gaps.top;
 	workspace->width = area->width;
@@ -277,13 +280,14 @@ void arrange_workspace(struct sway_workspace *workspace) {
 	if (!first_arrange && (diff_x != 0 || diff_y != 0)) {
 		for (int i = 0; i < workspace->floating->length; ++i) {
 			struct sway_container *floater = workspace->floating->items[i];
-			container_floating_translate(floater, diff_x, diff_y);
-			double center_x = floater->pending.x + floater->pending.width / 2;
-			double center_y = floater->pending.y + floater->pending.height / 2;
 			struct wlr_box workspace_box;
 			workspace_get_box(workspace, &workspace_box);
-			if (!wlr_box_contains_point(&workspace_box, center_x, center_y)) {
-				container_floating_move_to_center(floater);
+			floating_fix_coordinates(floater, &prev_box, &workspace_box);
+			// Set transformation for scratchpad windows.
+			if (floater->scratchpad) {
+				struct wlr_box output_box;
+				output_get_box(output, &output_box);
+				floater->transform = output_box;
 			}
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/sway/tree/container.c b/sway/tree/container.c
index 8222a506..d2c4ffc4 100644
--- a/sway/tree/container.c
+++ b/sway/tree/container.c
@@ -712,6 +712,21 @@ void floating_calculate_constraints(int *min_width, int *max_width,
 
 }
 
+void floating_fix_coordinates(struct sway_container *con, struct wlr_box *old, struct wlr_box *new) {
+	if (!old->width || !old->height) {
+		// Fall back to centering on the workspace.
+		container_floating_move_to_center(con);
+	} else {
+		int rel_x = con->pending.x - old->x + (con->pending.width / 2);
+		int rel_y = con->pending.y - old->y + (con->pending.height / 2);
+
+		con->pending.x = new->x + (double)(rel_x * new->width) / old->width - (con->pending.width / 2);
+		con->pending.y = new->y + (double)(rel_y * new->height) / old->height - (con->pending.height / 2);
+
+		sway_log(SWAY_DEBUG, "Transformed container %p to coords (%f, %f)", con, con->pending.x, con->pending.y);
+	}
+}
+
 static void floating_natural_resize(struct sway_container *con) {
 	int min_width, max_width, min_height, max_height;
 	floating_calculate_constraints(&min_width, &max_width,
@@ -1025,6 +1040,13 @@ void container_floating_move_to(struct sway_container *con,
 		workspace_add_floating(new_workspace, con);
 		arrange_workspace(old_workspace);
 		arrange_workspace(new_workspace);
+		// If the moved container was a visible scratchpad container, then
+		// update its transform.
+		if (con->scratchpad) {
+			struct wlr_box output_box;
+			output_get_box(new_output, &output_box);
+			con->transform = output_box;
+		}
 		workspace_detect_urgent(old_workspace);
 		workspace_detect_urgent(new_workspace);
 	}
diff --git a/sway/tree/root.c b/sway/tree/root.c
index 95129a88..831c75a5 100644
--- a/sway/tree/root.c
+++ b/sway/tree/root.c
@@ -56,6 +56,16 @@ void root_destroy(struct sway_root *root) {
 	free(root);
 }
 
+static void set_container_transform(struct sway_workspace *ws,
+			struct sway_container *con) {
+	struct sway_output *output = ws->output;
+	struct wlr_box box = {0};
+	if (output) {
+		output_get_box(output, &box);
+	}
+	con->transform = box;
+}
+
 void root_scratchpad_add_container(struct sway_container *con, struct sway_workspace *ws) {
 	if (!sway_assert(!con->scratchpad, "Container is already in scratchpad")) {
 		return;
@@ -64,6 +74,8 @@ void root_scratchpad_add_container(struct sway_container *con, struct sway_works
 	struct sway_container *parent = con->pending.parent;
 	struct sway_workspace *workspace = con->pending.workspace;
 
+	set_container_transform(workspace, con);
+
 	// Clear the fullscreen mode when sending to the scratchpad
 	if (con->pending.fullscreen_mode != FULLSCREEN_NONE) {
 		container_fullscreen_disable(con);
@@ -133,7 +145,10 @@ void root_scratchpad_show(struct sway_container *con) {
 	// Show the container
 	if (old_ws) {
 		container_detach(con);
-		workspace_consider_destroy(old_ws);
+		// Make sure the last inactive container on the old workspace is above
+		// the workspace itself in the focus stack.
+		struct sway_node *node = seat_get_focus_inactive(seat, &old_ws->node);
+		seat_set_raw_focus(seat, node);
 	} else {
 		// Act on the ancestor of scratchpad hidden split containers
 		while (con->pending.parent) {
@@ -142,18 +157,18 @@ void root_scratchpad_show(struct sway_container *con) {
 	}
 	workspace_add_floating(new_ws, con);
 
-	// Make sure the container's center point overlaps this workspace
-	double center_lx = con->pending.x + con->pending.width / 2;
-	double center_ly = con->pending.y + con->pending.height / 2;
-
-	struct wlr_box workspace_box;
-	workspace_get_box(new_ws, &workspace_box);
-	if (!wlr_box_contains_point(&workspace_box, center_lx, center_ly)) {
-		container_floating_resize_and_center(con);
+	if (new_ws->output) {
+		struct wlr_box output_box;
+		output_get_box(new_ws->output, &output_box);
+		floating_fix_coordinates(con, &con->transform, &output_box);
 	}
+	set_container_transform(new_ws, con);
 
 	arrange_workspace(new_ws);
 	seat_set_focus(seat, seat_get_focus_inactive(seat, &con->node));
+	if (old_ws) {
+		workspace_consider_destroy(old_ws);
+	}
 }
 
 static void disable_fullscreen(struct sway_container *con, void *data) {
@@ -173,6 +188,8 @@ void root_scratchpad_hide(struct sway_container *con) {
 		return;
 	}
 
+	set_container_transform(con->pending.workspace, con);
+
 	disable_fullscreen(con, NULL);
 	container_for_each_child(con, disable_fullscreen, NULL);
 	container_detach(con);
diff --git a/sway/tree/workspace.c b/sway/tree/workspace.c
index ee940466..18218768 100644
--- a/sway/tree/workspace.c
+++ b/sway/tree/workspace.c
@@ -176,22 +176,16 @@ void workspace_consider_destroy(struct sway_workspace *ws) {
 static bool workspace_valid_on_output(const char *output_name,
 		const char *ws_name) {
 	struct workspace_config *wsc = workspace_find_config(ws_name);
-	char identifier[128];
 	struct sway_output *output = output_by_name_or_id(output_name);
 	if (!output) {
 		return false;
 	}
-	output_name = output->wlr_output->name;
-	output_get_identifier(identifier, sizeof(identifier), output);
-
 	if (!wsc) {
 		return true;
 	}
 
 	for (int i = 0; i < wsc->outputs->length; i++) {
-		if (strcmp(wsc->outputs->items[i], "*") == 0 ||
-				strcmp(wsc->outputs->items[i], output_name) == 0 ||
-				strcmp(wsc->outputs->items[i], identifier) == 0) {
+		if (output_match_name_or_id(output, wsc->outputs->items[i])) {
 			return true;
 		}
 	}
@@ -286,13 +280,10 @@ char *workspace_next_name(const char *output_name) {
 	// assignments primarily, falling back to bindings and numbers.
 	struct sway_mode *mode = config->current_mode;
 
-	char identifier[128];
 	struct sway_output *output = output_by_name_or_id(output_name);
 	if (!output) {
 		return NULL;
 	}
-	output_name = output->wlr_output->name;
-	output_get_identifier(identifier, sizeof(identifier), output);
 
 	int order = INT_MAX;
 	char *target = NULL;
@@ -312,9 +303,7 @@ char *workspace_next_name(const char *output_name) {
 		}
 		bool found = false;
 		for (int j = 0; j < wsc->outputs->length; ++j) {
-			if (strcmp(wsc->outputs->items[j], "*") == 0 ||
-					strcmp(wsc->outputs->items[j], output_name) == 0 ||
-					strcmp(wsc->outputs->items[j], identifier) == 0) {
+			if (output_match_name_or_id(output, wsc->outputs->items[j])) {
 				found = true;
 				free(target);
 				target = strdup(wsc->workspace);
@@ -654,15 +643,9 @@ void workspace_output_add_priority(struct sway_workspace *workspace,
 
 struct sway_output *workspace_output_get_highest_available(
 		struct sway_workspace *ws, struct sway_output *exclude) {
-	char exclude_id[128] = {'\0'};
-	if (exclude) {
-		output_get_identifier(exclude_id, sizeof(exclude_id), exclude);
-	}
-
 	for (int i = 0; i < ws->output_priority->length; i++) {
-		char *name = ws->output_priority->items[i];
-		if (exclude && (strcmp(name, exclude->wlr_output->name) == 0
-					|| strcmp(name, exclude_id) == 0)) {
+		const char *name = ws->output_priority->items[i];
+		if (exclude && output_match_name_or_id(exclude, name)) {
 			continue;
 		}
 
diff --git a/swaybar/render.c b/swaybar/render.c
index 6a983e97..1113ca44 100644
--- a/swaybar/render.c
+++ b/swaybar/render.c
@@ -693,15 +693,6 @@ static uint32_t render_to_cairo(struct render_context *ctx) {
 	struct swaybar_output *output = ctx->output;
 	struct swaybar *bar = output->bar;
 	struct swaybar_config *config = bar->config;
-	cairo_set_operator(cairo, CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE);
-	if (output->focused) {
-		ctx->background_color = config->colors.focused_background;
-	} else {
-		ctx->background_color = config->colors.background;
-	}
-
-	cairo_set_source_u32(cairo, ctx->background_color);
-	cairo_paint(cairo);
 
 	int th;
 	get_text_size(cairo, config->font_description, NULL, &th, NULL, 1, false, "");
@@ -763,8 +754,17 @@ void render_frame(struct swaybar_output *output) {
 
 	free_hotspots(&output->hotspots);
 
+	uint32_t background_color;
+	if (output->focused) {
+		background_color = output->bar->config->colors.focused_background;
+	} else {
+		background_color = output->bar->config->colors.background;
+	}
+
 	struct render_context ctx = { 0 };
 	ctx.output = output;
+	// initial background color used for deciding the best way to antialias text
+	ctx.background_color = background_color;
 
 	cairo_surface_t *recorder = cairo_recording_surface_create(
 			CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA, NULL);
@@ -786,10 +786,11 @@ void render_frame(struct swaybar_output *output) {
 		ctx.textaa_sharp = fo;
 	}
 
-	cairo_save(cairo);
-	cairo_set_operator(cairo, CAIRO_OPERATOR_CLEAR);
+
+	cairo_set_operator(cairo, CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE);
+	cairo_set_source_u32(cairo, background_color);
 	cairo_paint(cairo);
-	cairo_restore(cairo);
+
 	uint32_t height = render_to_cairo(&ctx);
 	int config_height = output->bar->config->height;
 	if (config_height > 0) {
@@ -834,13 +835,15 @@ void render_frame(struct swaybar_output *output) {
 		wl_surface_damage(output->surface, 0, 0,
 				output->width, output->height);
 
-		uint32_t bg_alpha = ctx.background_color & 0xFF;
+		uint32_t bg_alpha = background_color & 0xFF;
 		if (bg_alpha == 0xFF) {
 			struct wl_region *region =
 				wl_compositor_create_region(output->bar->compositor);
 			wl_region_add(region, 0, 0, INT32_MAX, INT32_MAX);
 			wl_surface_set_opaque_region(output->surface, region);
 			wl_region_destroy(region);
+		} else {
+			wl_surface_set_opaque_region(output->surface, NULL);
 		}
 
 		struct wl_callback *frame_callback = wl_surface_frame(output->surface);
diff --git a/swaybar/tray/host.c b/swaybar/tray/host.c
index ddf2416d..eea2caa5 100644
--- a/swaybar/tray/host.c
+++ b/swaybar/tray/host.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "swaybar/tray/tray.h"
 #include "list.h"
 #include "log.h"
+#include "stringop.h"
 
 static const char *watcher_path = "/StatusNotifierWatcher";
 
@@ -138,12 +139,10 @@ static int handle_new_watcher(sd_bus_message *msg,
 
 bool init_host(struct swaybar_host *host, char *protocol,
 		struct swaybar_tray *tray) {
-	size_t len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "org.%s.StatusNotifierWatcher", protocol) + 1;
-	host->watcher_interface = malloc(len);
+	host->watcher_interface = format_str("org.%s.StatusNotifierWatcher", protocol);
 	if (!host->watcher_interface) {
 		return false;
 	}
-	snprintf(host->watcher_interface, len, "org.%s.StatusNotifierWatcher", protocol);
 
 	sd_bus_slot *reg_slot = NULL, *unreg_slot = NULL, *watcher_slot = NULL;
 	int ret = sd_bus_match_signal(tray->bus, &reg_slot, host->watcher_interface,
@@ -173,13 +172,10 @@ bool init_host(struct swaybar_host *host, char *protocol,
 	}
 
 	pid_t pid = getpid();
-	size_t service_len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "org.%s.StatusNotifierHost-%d",
-			protocol, pid) + 1;
-	host->service = malloc(service_len);
+	host->service = format_str("org.%s.StatusNotifierHost-%d", protocol, pid);
 	if (!host->service) {
 		goto error;
 	}
-	snprintf(host->service, service_len, "org.%s.StatusNotifierHost-%d", protocol, pid);
 	ret = sd_bus_request_name(tray->bus, host->service, 0);
 	if (ret < 0) {
 		sway_log(SWAY_DEBUG, "Failed to acquire service name: %s", strerror(-ret));
diff --git a/swaybar/tray/icon.c b/swaybar/tray/icon.c
index c426c3d4..b513dca5 100644
--- a/swaybar/tray/icon.c
+++ b/swaybar/tray/icon.c
@@ -40,9 +40,7 @@ static list_t *get_basedirs(void) {
 	data_dirs = strdup(data_dirs);
 	char *dir = strtok(data_dirs, ":");
 	do {
-		size_t path_len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s/icons", dir) + 1;
-		char *path = malloc(path_len);
-		snprintf(path, path_len, "%s/icons", dir);
+		char *path = format_str("%s/icons", dir);
 		list_add(basedirs, path);
 	} while ((dir = strtok(NULL, ":")));
 	free(data_dirs);
@@ -206,13 +204,7 @@ static const char *entry_handler(char *group, char *key, char *value,
  */
 static struct icon_theme *read_theme_file(char *basedir, char *theme_name) {
 	// look for index.theme file
-	size_t path_len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s/%s/index.theme", basedir,
-			theme_name) + 1;
-	char *path = malloc(path_len);
-	if (!path) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	snprintf(path, path_len, "%s/%s/index.theme", basedir, theme_name);
+	char *path = format_str("%s/%s/index.theme", basedir, theme_name);
 	FILE *theme_file = fopen(path, "r");
 	free(path);
 	if (!theme_file) {
@@ -416,26 +408,20 @@ static char *find_icon_in_subdir(char *name, char *basedir, char *theme,
 #endif
 	};
 
-	size_t path_len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s/%s/%s/%s.EXT", basedir, theme,
-			subdir, name) + 1;
-	char *path = malloc(path_len);
-
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(extensions) / sizeof(*extensions); ++i) {
-		snprintf(path, path_len, "%s/%s/%s/%s.%s", basedir, theme, subdir,
-				name, extensions[i]);
+		char *path = format_str("%s/%s/%s/%s.%s",
+			basedir, theme, subdir, name, extensions[i]);
 		if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) {
 			return path;
 		}
+		free(path);
 	}
 
-	free(path);
 	return NULL;
 }
 
 static bool theme_exists_in_basedir(char *theme, char *basedir) {
-	size_t path_len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s/%s", basedir, theme) + 1;
-	char *path = malloc(path_len);
-	snprintf(path, path_len, "%s/%s", basedir, theme);
+	char *path = format_str("%s/%s", basedir, theme);
 	bool ret = dir_exists(path);
 	free(path);
 	return ret;
diff --git a/swaybar/tray/watcher.c b/swaybar/tray/watcher.c
index 16afc27c..551e1d12 100644
--- a/swaybar/tray/watcher.c
+++ b/swaybar/tray/watcher.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include "list.h"
 #include "log.h"
+#include "stringop.h"
 #include "swaybar/tray/watcher.h"
 
 static const char *obj_path = "/StatusNotifierWatcher";
@@ -76,9 +77,7 @@ static int register_sni(sd_bus_message *msg, void *data, sd_bus_error *error) {
 			service = service_or_path;
 			path = "/StatusNotifierItem";
 		}
-		size_t id_len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%s%s", service, path) + 1;
-		id = malloc(id_len);
-		snprintf(id, id_len, "%s%s", service, path);
+		id = format_str("%s%s", service, path);
 	}
 
 	if (list_seq_find(watcher->items, cmp_id, id) == -1) {
@@ -159,9 +158,7 @@ struct swaybar_watcher *create_watcher(char *protocol, sd_bus *bus) {
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	size_t len = snprintf(NULL, 0, "org.%s.StatusNotifierWatcher", protocol) + 1;
-	watcher->interface = malloc(len);
-	snprintf(watcher->interface, len, "org.%s.StatusNotifierWatcher", protocol);
+	watcher->interface = format_str("org.%s.StatusNotifierWatcher", protocol);
 
 	sd_bus_slot *signal_slot = NULL, *vtable_slot = NULL;
 	int ret = sd_bus_add_object_vtable(bus, &vtable_slot, obj_path,